| INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRANCH | GROUP | LANGUAGES AND MAJOR DIALECTS1 | PROVENIENCE | |||
| ANCIENT | MEDIEVAL | MODERN | ||||
| Anatolian | Hittite, Lydian, Lycian Luwian, Palaic, Hierglyphic Luwian | ancient Asia Minor | ||||
| I N D O - I R A N I A N | Kafiri (Nuristani) | languages of eastern Afghanistan | Afghanistan | |||
| I n d o - A r y a n | Sanskritic | Sanskrit, Pali Prakrits | Prakrits | Shina, Khowar Kashmiri Lahnda Sindhi Panjabi Rajasthani Gujarati Marathi Konkani Oriya Bengali Assamese Bhojpuri Hindi Urdu Nepali Sinhalese Romany | India Upper Indus valley Kashmir western Punjab Sind Punjab Rajasthan Gujarat western India western India Orissa Bangladesh, West Bengal Assam Bihar, Uttar Pradesh northern India Pakistan, India Nepal Sri Lanka uncertain | |
| I r a n i a n | West | Old Persian | Pahlavi Persian | Persian Kurdish Baluchi Tajiki | Persia Iran Iran, Iraq, Turkey Pakistan Tajikistan | |
| East | Avestan | Sogdian, Khotanese | Pashto Ossetic | ancient Persia central Asia Afghanistan, Pakistan Caucasus | ||
| Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Asia Minor, Caucasus | |||
| Greek or Hellenic | Greek | Greek | Greek | Greece, the eastern Mediterranean | ||
| B A L T O - S L A V I C | B a l t i c | Old Prussian | Lithuanian Latvian | East Prussia Lithuania Latvia | ||
| S l a v i c | South | Old Church Slavonic | Slovene Serbo-Croatian Macedonia Bulgarian | Slovenia Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro Macedonia Bulgaria | ||
| West | Czech,Slovak Polish, Kashubian Wendish, Polabian | Czechoslavkia Poland Germany | ||||
| East | Old Russian | Russian Ukranian Belorussian | Russia Ukraine Belarus | |||
| Albanian | Albanian | Albania, Serbia, Macedonia | ||||
| Scantily recorded and of uncertain affinities within Indo-European | Ligurian, Messapian, Illyrian, Tharacian, Phrygian | ancient Italy Balkans Asia Minor | ||||
| Tocharian | Tocharian A Tocharian B | central Asia | ||||
|
G E R M A N I C | East | Gothic | eastern Europe | |||
| North | Old Norse | Islandic Faeroese Norwegian Swedish Danish | Iceland Faeroe Islands Norway Sweden Denmark | |||
| West | Old High German Middle High German Old Saxon Middle Low German Middle Dutch Old Frisian Old English Middle English | German Yiddish Low German Dutch Afrikaans Flemish Frisian English | Germany, Switzerland, Austria Germany, eastern Europe northern Germany Netherlands South Africa Belgium Netherlands, Germany England | |||
| I T A L I C | Venetic, Oscan, Umbrian Faliscan Latin | Old Provençal Old French Middle French | Portuguese Spanish Judeo-Spanish Catalan Provençal French Italian Rhaeto-Romance Sardinian Dalmatian Romanian | ancient Italy Portugal Spain Mediterranean lands Spain (Catalonia) southern France France, Belgium Switzerland Italy, Switzerland Switzerland, Italy Sardinia Adriatic Coast Romania, Balkans | ||
|
C E L T I C | Continental | Gaulish | Gaul | |||
| Goidelic | Old Irish Middle Irish | Irish Scottish Gaelic Manx | Ireland Scotland Isle of Man | |||
| Brythonic | Old Welsh Middle Welsh Old Cornish Old Breton | Welsh Cornish Breton | Wales Cornwall Brittany | |||